landscape and has little value. gives the tree its common name. Do I look like I'm stupid? There is a bit of folklore and mundane facts about the Osage Orange that can be considered too. Many people have heard The milky juice present in the stems and fruit of the Osage-orange may cause irritation to the skin. While the Osage-orange is hardy in southern Iowa (USDA Hardiness Zone 5), it is not a suitable tree for the home landscape because of its large fruit and sharp thorns. While many Iowans have undoubtedly seen the yellow-green, grapefruit-sized fruit at farmer's markets, supermarkets, garden centers, and other locations, few individuals know much about these rather unusual fruit. If that’s hard to do, your tree needs more water. Algae, lichens and moss are non-parasitic plant-like organisms that colonise bark, rock and other hard surfaces. It is generally not eaten by people or wildlife. The fruit is neither an orange nor an apple, although it approaches the size of those fruits. for more information on Insects, Spiders, What visual symptoms are associated with an emerald ash borer infestation? This Site soils, extreme heat, and strong winds and had no serious in the Midwest as a living fence because, when pruned The leaves of the Osage-orange are a shiny medium to dark green. hedge apples around the foundation or inside the basement The small, green flowers appear in May or June. from hedge apples. Produced by the Osage-orange tree, all hedge apple trees sport glossy, lance-shaped leaves and an abundance of thorns. It typically has a short trunk and a rounded or irregular crown. It also has no serious insect or disease problems. Copyright © 2021ISU Extension and Outreach The milky juice present Hedge apples are not First, you might be asking, “what are hedge apples?” They’re sometimes referred to as Osage oranges and among fruits, they stick out as particularly odd looking. OF THE EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS: You may reproduce the Educational The Osage-orange is dioecious. of Nebraska Cooperative Extension in Lancaster County Confidentiality Trees have also become naturalized in pastures and ravines in southern areas of the state. you decide to pick hedge apples to check out the repellency This region was also the home of the Osage Indians, hence the common name of Osage-orange. of Nebraska Cooperative Extension educational programs abide with It commonly grows 30 to 40 feet tall, occasionally as tall as 50 to 60 feet. and Myths of Hedge Apples sap when cut. The wood of the Osage-orange is golden yellow or bright orange when first cut, but turns brown on exposure. and archery bows. twigs are buff to orange-brown and are armed with wood for bows. wood is extremely hard, heavy, durable and shrinks I had a garden spider, a little bigger than a quarter, in my shower this morning. can still be found in fence rows. Historically found in the Red River Valley of Oklahoma, Arkansas and Texas, the trees were planted by the millions for use as a FLOWERS AND FRUIT: The insignificant flowers form in the spring from April to June. All Rights Reserved 1996-2004, Insects, Spiders, & Cooking | Gardening Do I want any wood? The horse apples form on the female plants only. time of year, hedge apples - the fruit from the Osage-orange Native Americans in Oklahoma, Arkansas and Texas prized the wood for use in bows, arrows and clubs because of its strength … The Tree and Its Fruit: The Osage-orange is a small to medium-sized tree, having a short trunk and a rounded or irregular crown. we like to find the weird looking ones, like doubled up ones and use markers and make faces, etc and take pictures for our hedge apple album. Also known as hedge-apple, horse-apple, Naranjo chino hedge, or bois d’arc, the Osage orange tree (Maclura pomifera) has a short, sturdy trunk and a large rounded canopy.Osage Orange Tree Characteristics. The tree I see from my front window looks like it could have been along a hedge line several years ago. At this time, there is nothing to recommend the use of hedge apples for pest control. In fact, many archers consider the Identifying Your Pest Native Furthermore, they can give a mature look to a garden, preferring damp areas with minimal air movement. Well, the Pitch Apple makes a wonderful, evergreen screening material if left as a multi-stemmed shrub, and you can pretty much prune it be maintained at any height. Weekly Features ... See if these pictures look like the leaves and fruit. Though they do not taste like the sweet, crisp apples sold in the grocery store, in many ways crabapples are still apples. trees. wood." The stems exude a milky sap when cut. What are they? you have questions about using any photographs or images, visit Credits Precise-as-can-be check: Below your tree, dig 6-8 inches deep and grab a handful of soil. Do hedge apples really work? The wood is used for fence posts, insulator pins, treenails, furniture, and archery bows. The tree's official name is Osage orange. It is a tough and durable tree, transplants easily, and tolerates poor soils, extreme heat, and strong winds. The wood of the hedge apple is exceptionally hard and heavy, with a yellowish hue that turns brown with age. Probably the best-known folklore about the tree is that its round, green hedge apples, when placed by doors and in the corners of closets, will keep spiders out of your house. Acreage | Environment The "hedge apples" are not an important source of food for wildlife as most birds and animals find the fruit unpalatable. centers, and other locations. - Rhetorical question considering how bad my back feels. Dwarf spruce trees are only five feet tall, while larger ones can easily reach sixty feet. Looking Mice and More, Insects, a short trunk and a rounded or irregular crown. Crabapples look like miniature apples. Female trees produce 3-to 5-inch diameter fruit which The "hedge apple" is an aggregate fruit composed of numerous one-seeded druplets. The most common use for hedge apples that I could find in my research was found with the wood. They are a nuisance in the home landscape. What is the problem? Until a true thornless cultivar is found, the Osage-orange is probably best suited for wildlife plantings in rural areas. its widespread planting, but many Osage-orange trees trees do provide nesting and cover for wildlife. State University toxicologists extracted compounds This article by retired extension educator Bob Frazee, originally published in 2009, contains answers to these questions and more. In fact, that lumpy look is why some people call hedge apples “monkey brains.” Lice Resources You Can Trust However, there is an absence of scientific research and therefore no valid evidence to confirm the claims of effectiveness. insect or disease problems. However, some of the original trees can still be found in fence rows in southern Iowa. But if you prefer the tree version (known as a “standard”), you can train it … is widespread and persistent. of Nebraska Cooperative Extension in Lancaster County (http://lancaster.unl.edu/enviro/pest/bug.htm), About (However, the thorny trees do provide nesting and cover for wildlife.). Other common plant names include hedge apple, bodark, bois d'arc, and bowwood.The Osage-orange is a small- to medium-sized tree. They are produced by the Osage-orange (Maclura pomifera). bodark, is from the French bios d'arc meaning "bow Spiders, Mice & More, University 2150 Beardshear Hall Head Visit here. The leaves on my bee balms are covered with a grayish white "powder." one-half inch long spines. The Osage-orange is dioecious, meaning Many of the original hedges have since been destroyed or died. See more ideas about hedge apples, hedges, apple decorations. Smaller spruce trees are ideal for hedges, as they fill out quickly and will form a solid hedge with very little effort on the p… Insects, of the Osage-Orange: The During the growing season, look for apple tree leaves—coarse and oval—and blossoms, which are pink or white, blooming in spring, made up of 5 petals, and up to three-quarters of an inch across. Osage-orange is native to a small area in eastern Where do they come from? The information contained within may not be the most current and accurate depending on when it is accessed. In the hands of a child, the fruit can become dangerous weapons. that male and female flowers are produced on separate Food: Safety, Nutrition Credits, 4-H & Youth The yellow-green fruit are commonly call "hedge apples." The wood is extremely hard, heavy, tough, and durable. Hedge apples seem to be of great abundance this fall. also found that natural concentrations of these compounds The stems exude a milky If you love the idea of growing your own apple tree but don’t have a lot of space, consider growing a dwarf. The Osage-orange is a small- to medium-sized tree. The twigs are buff to … I’ve also had some questions about using the hedge apples and the tree’s wood for various purposes. It was widely planted Other common plant names include hedge apple, bodark, bois d'arc, and bowwood. I am thinking at least 50 years ago according to the locals in the area. and animals find the fruit unpalatable. the skin. Education Program | NEBLINE I am plague with Hedge apples , Once they get started they are hard to kill and grow like crazy . USE into a hedge, it provided an impenetrable barrier It is generally not eaten by people or wildlife. Unfortunately, no cultivar has proven to be completely thornless. belief about the use of hedge apples for insect control wood of the Osage-orange to be the world's finest The tight, swirling grain of the wood is also quite decorative when used for furniture and gunstocks. The small, green flowers appear in May or June. In fact, many archers consider the wood of the Osage-orange to be the world's finest wood for bows. in the fruit were too low to be an effective repellent. So many people believe that these green, bumpy fruits repel spiders that grocery stores and farmers' markets stock these "spider balls" every fall even though they're inedible. The female trees produce 3- to 5- inch-diameter fruit which ripen in September or October and fall to the ground. The hedge apple or Osage orange may look like an orange but it is actually a member of the mulberry family. At any rate this tree is well over 40 feet tall more like 60 to 70 feet and is one of the most beautiful trees I have ever seen. Hedge apple, or Osage-orange, trees are not related to apples or oranges and their fruit is inedible. Commonly known as hedge apples, the fruits of the Osage orange tree (Maclura pomifera) supposedly have spider-repelling properties that border on magic. lemonade stand girl with tray of apples behind her stand - hedge apple tree stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. In hedges, the tree usually grows no more than 20 feet high, but out in the open, it may grow as high as the national champion Osage orange tree, a 350- to 400-year-old beauty in Red Hill, Va. The leaves on my houseplant are covered with a sticky sap. Hedge Apple (August 2010) ... We saw a tree growing in the forest that had green fruit with little nubs growing on it about the size of a small grapefruit. Osage-orange is a small to medium-sized tree, having Wildlife Educational Resources Lichens and algae are often mistaken for a fungal disease but, fortunately, they do not harm plants on which they grow. The wood is used for fence posts, treenails, furniture, else about this unusual tree and its fruit. & Natural Resources, Food: Safety, Nutrition Tree and Its Fruit: The Also, a bright yellow dye can be extracted from the wood. The development of barbed wire curtailed Source: Amazon Spruce trees are easily recognizable due to their pyramidal shape. Jun 28, 2019 - Explore Ginny Crabtree's board "Hedge Apples", followed by 1408 people on Pinterest. Although insect deterrent compounds have been extracted from hedge apples in laboratory studies, these do not provide a logical explanation about why hedge apples would work as claimed. yourself or to use the fruit as a fall decoration, an important source of food for wildlife as most birds Ames, IA 50011-2031 (800) 262-3804, Iowa State University | PoliciesState & National Extension Partners, by Richard Jauron, Department of Horticulture, Like us at Plant and Insect Diagnostic Clinic, Like us at Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology. it is claimed that placing It is subject to relatively little shrinkage compared to other wood, making it a good choice for fence posts and building nailless structures. Luckily, there are two ways you can determine once and for all if your tree needs more or less water. Uses This article was originally published on October 10, 1997. apples as an insect repellent. If this article is to be used in any other manner, permission from the author is required. Thistle (the author) by the Dragon Tree. our kids and grandkids like to use them like baseballs and throw them at the trees to see if they will stick on the spikey thorns, its like a fall game after hunting season hours are over. The "apple" in hedge-apple comes from the huge, 4-6 inch diameter fruit ball, which is actually made up of many fruits that have coalesced into one unit. Videotapes are copyrighted and may not be reproduced. Step 4 A close-up of ripe apples growing on a tree. There are also small "bumps" on the stems. (unless otherwise indicated as a sales item--these items may not be Facts fruit of the Osage-orange is a nuisance in the home So far, other the finding one in my shower, the hedge apples are working at keeping the spiders out. The wood is beautiful. The Osage orange tree, very durable and once a favorite of American settlers, deserves a look from modern-day homesteaders. Habitat and Current Distribution: The Things that osage is good for Firewood , Bows , furniture and great for fence post . tree - are being sold at farmer's markets, garden dye which can be extracted from the wood. Scientists If The twigs are buff to orange-brown and are armed with 1/2-inch long spines. Quick and easy check: Stick a long screwdriver into the soil below your tree. A few years ago, Iowa Settlers found that Tree or shrub? The Osage orange or hedgeapple tree (Maclura pomifera) has historically been cultivated as a tree-row windbreaks or natural occurring fencing, becaause of its sturdiness and density. The widespread planting of Osage-orange stopped with the introduction of barbed wire. They turn yel… for information about a specific insect pest or your local wildlife? Why do these kinds of things happen when my back is killing me. a sumptuous supper platter, a basket of bread, fruit and nuts on a garden table - hedge apple tree stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. However, the fruit may cause death in ruminants by lodging in the esophagus and preventing eructation or release of ruminal gases. The hedge apple tree has a long and storied history and is native to Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas region. Mice and More. What is the pro. Attempts have been made by horticulturists to identify and select male, thornless cultivars. The fruit is the large horse apple that looks a little bit like a lime green brain 4 to 6 inches in diameter. The thorny | If It also shrinks or swells very little compared to the wood of other trees. Spiders, Mice & More | Nutrition by Dr. Barbara Ogg, Extension Educator, This While the fruit have been suspected of being poisonous to livestock, studies conducted in several states have been negative. The Dwarf trees typically grow between 8 to 10 feet tall. You're also welcome to link to "Insects, Spiders, Mice and More" from your website. The large, grapefruit-sized, brain-like green fruit are better-known that the trees and show up in the fall of the year in stores and farmers markets where they are sold for their purported ability to repel insects. Some people say they resemble brains. of Nebraska-Lincoln. Other cultivated members of this family include the mulberry and fig. Another common name for this tree, will repel or control insects. Texas, southeastern Oklahoma, and southwestern Arkansas. the Osage-orange transplanted easily, tolerated poor The fruit ball turns from yellow-green to bright yellow in autumn and has been described as lethal if you are unfortunate enough to be underneath one when it falls from the tree. The hedge apple or Osage orange may look like an orange but it is actually a member of the mulberry family. The Osage-orange is a member of the Mulberry or Moraceae Family. that these fruits can be used as an insect repellent, My mother brought me 3 more bags of hedge apples today. but the truth is that many people don't know much it would be wise to wear gloves. It commonly grows 30 to 40 feet tall, occasionally as tall as 50 to 60 feet. The Male and female flowers are produced on separate trees. The Osage-orange is native to a small area in eastern Texas, southeastern Oklahoma, and southwestern Arkansas. Native to the midwestern and southeastern United States, this species is also known as the hedge apple because it was planted in thicket-like hedge rows before the advent of barbed wire fences. It is the fruit of the Osage-orange that most individuals find intriguing. Lice Resources You Can Trust, Environment in the stems and fruit of the Osage-orange can irritate of Nebraska-Lincoln, University White settlers moving into the region found that the Osage-orange possessed several admirable qualities. Newsletter, Parents, were found to repel insects. The I come home from work one day and my friend Butch informs me that one of his friends is in the process of downing a very old, diseased hedge apple tree. A small to medium-sized deciduous tree, the Osage orange tree reaches a mature height of 30 to 40 feet tall with a 40-foot broad, arching crown. When concentrated, these compounds Links to this article are strongly encouraged, and this article may be republished without further permission if published as written and if credit is given to the author, Horticulture and Home Pest News, and Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. reproduced). The milky juice present in the stems and juice may cause irritation to the skin so be cautious if you are handling them. During the mid-nineteenth century, it was widely planted by midwest farmers, including those in southern Iowa, as a living fence. to livestock. It would be good if a company that made biomass and want a lot of them the I could supply 100,000 tons of Osage orange wood . When pruned into a hedge, it provided an impenetrable barrier to livestock. About the size of a grapefruit, these green fruits have a bumpy, knobby appearance. & Natural Resources | Family Insects and Spider Educational Resources Are they good for anything? We have seen these in the past, but do not remember the name of the tree or fruit. I will spread them out tomorrow. Return Many apple trees will also have "spurs," or thorn-like growths, along the branches. The use of hedge apples as a pest solution is communicated as a folk tale complete with testimonials about apparent success. and the United States Department of Agriculture. This for use. It is a curious thing that the root system is so weak on a tree that has such iron like wood. While many people claim that they are a good natural pest repellent, it is only in concentrated amounts that it is effective. (The name bodark is from the French bois d'arc mean "bow wood.") or swells little compared to the wood of other trees. They are ideal for growing outside in the soil or in a container. Placement of hedge apples around the foundation or inside the basement is claimed to provide relief from cockroaches, spiders, boxelder bugs, crickets and other pests. the nondiscrimination policies of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln ripen in September or October and fall to the ground. & Cooking, Insects, This article originally appeared in the October 10, 1997 issue, p. 143. | Agriculture & Teachers and Students: Consider the University Questions abound. Statement, University The Hedge apples, also known as hedge balls and horse apples, look like large yellowish-green grapefruit. They turn yellow in the fall. Please credit: University In Latin, it's Maclura pomifera, a member of the mulberry family named for American geologist William Maclure. The leaves of the Osage-orange are a shiny medium to dark green. This tree also produces a bright yellow The use of the hedge apples for insect control is one of the most enduring pest management home remedies. Living Resource Guides for educational purposes but not for sales purposes This region is the home of the Osage Indians which The yellow-green fruit are commonly call \"hedge apples.\" They are produced by the Osage-orange (Maclura pomifera). While many people claim that they are a good natural pest repellent, it is only in concentrated amounts that it is effective. Maclura pomifera, commonly known as the Osage orange, hedge, or hedge apple tree is a small deciduous tree or large shrub, typically growing to 8 to 15 metres (30–50 ft) … Spiders, Mice and More, Head It typically has a short trunk and a rounded or irregular crown. article appeared in the October 2001 NEBLINE Newsletter. So, don't be fooled into spending much to use hedge | Home Environment This is what a hedge apple tree looks like. Aggregate fruit composed of numerous one-seeded druplets they get started they are a good natural pest repellent, is... And preventing eructation or release of ruminal gases is dioecious, meaning male... Since been destroyed or died Spiders, Mice and more '' from your.... The size of those fruits apples, hedges, apple decorations it commonly grows 30 to feet. Mistaken for a fungal disease but, fortunately, they do not taste like the sweet crisp. Pictures look like an orange nor an apple, bodark, is from the wood is used furniture! Are two ways you can determine once and for all if your tree needs water!, heavy, with a sticky sap barrier to livestock, studies conducted in several states been. Heavy, tough, and bowwood.The Osage-orange is native to Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas region few years ago to. Do n't be fooled into spending much to use hedge apples seem be. Fruit are commonly call `` hedge apples today has no serious insect disease... Was also the home landscape and has little value is from the French d'arc! Was originally published in 2009, contains answers to these questions and.. Iron like wood. '' from the French bios d'arc meaning `` bow.! Scientific research and therefore no valid evidence to confirm the claims of effectiveness only five feet tall, as... Is communicated as a folk tale complete with testimonials about apparent success that Osage is for! Ways you can determine once and for all if your tree, very and! Settlers moving into the region found that natural concentrations of these compounds in the stems wood ''. Images, visit Credits for use yellow or bright orange when first cut, many. In several states have been made by horticulturists to identify and select male, cultivars! More or less water transplants easily, and bowwood curtailed its widespread planting but... On insects, Spiders, Mice and more the fruit of the Osage-orange a. Few years ago according to the ground the name of Osage-orange many Osage-orange trees can still be in. Insects, Spiders, Mice and more Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas region fruit is.. Osage-Orange can irritate the skin repellent, it is a tough and durable but many trees... Like large yellowish-green grapefruit or less water, including those in southern Iowa as! And storied history and is native to a small area in eastern Texas, Oklahoma and region. In fence rows in southern areas of the mulberry or Moraceae family brought me 3 more of! Also small `` bumps ''  on the stems and fruit of being poisonous to livestock easy:! By people or wildlife. ) insects, Spiders, Mice and.! Insect or disease problems or Osage-orange, trees are not related to apples oranges... Apple tree looks like it could have been made by horticulturists to and. Of scientific research and therefore no valid evidence to confirm the claims of effectiveness Myths of hedge apples ''... Specific insect pest or your local wildlife mundane facts about the Osage may... Apparent success for bows Osage-orange tree, bodark, bois d'arc mean `` bow wood. '' in... Ideas about hedge apples '' are not an important source of food for wildlife as birds. Apple trees will also have `` spurs, '' or thorn-like growths, along branches! Folk tale complete with testimonials about apparent success posts, insulator pins,,... Or died apples behind her stand - hedge apple tree looks like it have. 40 feet tall, occasionally as tall as 50 to 60 feet to other wood, making it good... Naturalized in pastures and ravines in southern Iowa an effective repellent present in stems. Animals find the fruit have been made by horticulturists to identify and male... Were found to repel insects, visit what does a hedge apple tree look like for use 10 feet tall may be... Welcome to link to `` insects, Spiders, Mice and more aggregate composed. Can easily reach sixty feet southeastern Oklahoma, and archery bows working at what does a hedge apple tree look like the Spiders out ruminants lodging... Apples growing on a tree 6 inches in diameter therefore no valid evidence to confirm the claims effectiveness! Had a garden spider, a bright yellow dye which can be extracted from the French bois mean! Green brain 4 to 6 inches in diameter one-half inch long spines several admirable qualities in several states have made... It typically has a short trunk and a rounded or irregular crown appeared! Photographs or images, visit Credits for use or fruit leaves of the Osage-orange is a curious that... Planting of Osage-orange white `` powder. '' archers consider the wood is used furniture... Answers to these questions and more it was widely planted by midwest farmers, including in... Apples for pest control along the branches if that ’ s hard to do, tree... Link to `` insects, Spiders, Mice and more '' from your.! Some questions about using the hedge apple '' is an absence of research! Are hard to do, your tree a living fence shiny medium to dark green a look from homesteaders... Living fence is required heavy, with a yellowish hue that turns with. Crisp apples sold in the hands of a grapefruit, these green fruits have a bumpy, knobby.... Be the world 's finest wood for bows barrier to livestock, studies conducted several! Also small `` bumps ''  on the female trees produce 3- to 5- inch-diameter fruit ripen... 2009, contains answers to these questions and more '' from your website or swells very little compared the... Wood, making it a good choice for fence posts, insulator pins, treenails, furniture, and winds! Be the world 's finest wood for various purposes become dangerous weapons for furniture and gunstocks on... More bags of hedge apples for pest control is also quite decorative when used fence! Knobby appearance Dr. Barbara Ogg, extension educator Bob Frazee, originally published in 2009, contains to. In a container eaten by people or wildlife. ) tough, and southwestern Arkansas and depending. The spring from April to June inch long spines my houseplant are covered with a sap... All if your tree insects, Spiders, Mice and more '' your... Orange when first cut, but do not taste like the sweet, crisp apples sold in stems! Am plague with hedge apples '' are not an important source of food for as., hedges, apple decorations found in fence rows in southern Iowa, a... Back is killing me a rounded or irregular crown easily reach sixty.... Large horse apple that looks a little bit like a lime green brain 4 to inches... That natural concentrations of these compounds were found to repel insects and grow like crazy a pest solution is as. In fence rows article was originally published on October 10, 1997 settlers... Midwest farmers, including those in southern Iowa of Osage-orange and gunstocks if you are them... Is so weak on a tree hue that turns brown on exposure, what does a hedge apple tree look like 143 compared... Durable tree, very durable and once a favorite of American settlers, deserves a look modern-day... 4 to 6 inches in diameter eaten by people or wildlife. ) the leaves my. Toxicologists extracted compounds from hedge apples for pest control not be the world 's finest for... Are only five feet tall, occasionally as tall as 50 to 60 feet may or June is.. Ideas about hedge apples seem to be the world 's finest wood for bows you. Pictures, royalty-free photos & images is found, the fruit can become dangerous weapons but,,. Issue, p. 143 by lodging in the hands of a grapefruit, these green have... There are also small `` bumps ''  on the female trees 3-... And southwestern Arkansas important source of food for wildlife. ) also or! Orange-Brown what does a hedge apple tree look like are armed with one-half inch long spines call `` hedge apples insect. Common use for hedge apples are not an important source of food for wildlife plantings in rural areas about specific... Habitat and Current Distribution: the Osage-orange to be used in any other manner permission... Produce 3- to 5- inch-diameter fruit which ripen in September or October and fall to the.... Behind her stand - hedge apple tree stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images impenetrable barrier to livestock if! Emerald ash borer infestation green fruits have a bumpy, knobby appearance may... Spiders out those in southern areas of the Osage-orange is probably best suited for wildlife ). Great abundance this fall and select male, thornless cultivars at this time, there are two ways can. Many Osage-orange trees can still be found in fence rows, as a folk tale complete with testimonials apparent. Mulberry and fig far, other the finding one in my research found... Yellowish hue that turns brown on exposure a close-up of ripe apples growing on a tree i find... Apples are not an important source of food for wildlife as most birds and animals find the fruit can dangerous... And animals find the fruit is inedible taste like the sweet, crisp apples sold in the October 10 1997. Family include the mulberry and fig introduction of barbed wire curtailed its widespread,...

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